Prochlorperazine

来源：Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety (Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf) 医院药学研究 第5期（ 总第25期） 本期聚焦药物流行病学与用药安全领域的最新研究成果，涵盖大规模药物性肝损伤住院风险的筛查、真实世界中直接口服抗凝药的出血风险比较、质子泵抑制剂长期使用的安全性评估、多药联用与药物相互作用的不良结局分析以及处方级联的识别与管理等与医院药学安全实践密切相关的原创研究与系统评价。 ◆ 论文目录（中英对照） 1. [Original Research] High-Throughput Screening Using the Self-Controlled Tree-Based Scan Statistic to Identify Medications Associated With Hospitalization for Severe Acute Liver Injury 采用自身对照树状扫描统计方法高通量筛选与严重急性肝损伤住院相关的药物 2. [Original Research] Performance of the Self-Controlled Case Series With Active Comparators for Drug Safety Signal Detection Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) 使用临床实践研究数据库的自体对照病例序列联合活性对照方法在药物安全信号检测中的性能评价 3. [Original Research] Predictors of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use in Northern Italy: A Population-Based Study 北意大利直接口服抗凝药使用的预测因素：一项基于人群的研究 4. [Original Research] Measuring Exposure to Opioids Using Self-Reported Medication Use Data Versus General Practitioner Prescription Records in the UK Biobank Study 英国生物银行研究中自我报告用药数据与全科医师处方记录在阿片类药物暴露测量中的比较 5. [Systematic Review] Efficacy and Safety of All Monoclonal Antibodies in Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis 单克隆抗体治疗中重度特应性皮炎的疗效与安全性：系统综述与网络荟萃分析 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ▎Original Research High-Throughput Screening Using the Self-Controlled Tree-Based Scan Statistic to Identify Medications Associated With Hospitalization for Severe Acute Liver Injury Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 丨 2025-12-XX 丨 Original Research ▍采用自身对照树状扫描统计方法高通量筛选与严重急性肝损伤住院相关的药物 研究背景 药物性肝损伤（DILI）是导致药物撤市和药物相关住院的重要原因之一。传统上，肝毒性信号主要通过病例报告来识别，存在滞后性和低敏感性等局限。随着真实世界数据（RWD）的广泛应用，高通量筛查方法为早期识别潜在的肝毒性药物提供了新的可能。树状扫描统计方法（TreeScan）是一种数据驱动的主动监测方法，可在无预设假设的情况下同时筛查大量药物-不良事件关联。本研究利用美国退伍军人健康管理局（VHA）数据库，采用自身对照病例交叉设计，系统评估了TreeScan在无肝胆疾病患者和慢性肝病患者中识别严重急性肝损伤相关药物的性能，为医院药物安全管理提供了重要的方法学参考和临床证据。 核心发现 • 在12,860名无肝胆疾病和17,512名慢性肝病住院严重ALI患者中，分别评估了与450种和543种药物的潜在关联 • 无明显肝病患者中，雷尼替丁、奥美拉唑、昂丹司琼等药物与严重ALI显著相关；慢性肝病患者中，螺内酯、呋塞米、多种阿片类镇痛药和昂丹司琼等均与严重ALI显著相关 • 抗菌药物（阿莫西林/克拉维酸、环丙沙星、甲硝唑等）在两类患者中均显示出肝毒性信号 • 树状扫描统计方法作为一种高通量筛查工具，能够有效检测潜在肝毒性药物，为后续药物流行病学研究提供候选药物 领域意义 本研究为医院药学实践提供了重要的药物肝毒性风险信息。研究识别出的一系列可能与严重急性肝损伤相关的药物，涵盖了医院常用药如质子泵抑制剂（奥美拉唑）、止吐药（昂丹司琼）、利尿剂（螺内酯、呋塞米）和抗菌药物等，提醒医院药师在处方审核和药学监护中需特别关注这些药物的肝毒性风险。基于TreeScan的高通量筛查方法为医院建立主动式药物安全监测体系提供了新思路。对于已有肝病基础的患者群体，研究结果强调了更严格用药管理的重要性，有助于医院药学部门优化肝病患者用药方案。 英文摘要 (Abstract) Background: Medications associated with acute liver injury (ALI) are primarily identified by case reports. High-throughput screening of real-world data could be leveraged to detect hepatotoxicity signals. Objective: To apply tree-based scan statistics in real-world data to identify drugs associated with hospitalization for severe ALI among patients without liver/biliary disease and with chronic liver disease (CLD). Methods: We implemented a self-controlled case-crossover design in Veterans Health Administration data (2000-2023) among patients hospitalized for laboratory-confirmed severe ALI. We identified all newly dispensed drugs within 365 days prior to their hospitalization and used conditional Bernoulli tree-based scan statistics to identify potential associations (p < 0.3). We performed analyses separately in patients without liver/biliary disease and with CLD. Results: Among 12,860 patients without liver/biliary disease and 17,512 with CLD hospitalized for severe ALI, we evaluated associations with 450 and 543 drugs, respectively. Drugs associated with severe ALI among patients without liver/biliary disease included: acid-suppressives (ranitidine [p < 0.001], omeprazole [p = 0.004]), antiemetics (ondansetron [p < 0.001], promethazine [p = 0.06]), antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanate [p = 0.008], ciprofloxacin [p = 0.02], mupirocin [p = 0.032], ethambutol [p = 0.275]), anticoagulants (heparin [p = 0.015]), and chemotherapy (pazopanib [p = 0.275]). Drugs associated with severe ALI among CLD patients were: diuretics (spironolactone, furosemide [both p < 0.001]), antiemetics (ondansetron, metoclopramide, promethazine [all p < 0.001]), appetite stimulants (p < 0.001), analgesics (morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl [all p < 0.001]), chemotherapy (sorafenib [p < 0.001]), antibiotics (ciprofloxacin [p = 0.011], metronidazole [p = 0.020]), antipsychotics (prochlorperazine [p = 0.105]), vitamins (p = 0.134), acid-suppressives (omeprazole [p = 0.164]), and gastrointestinal/liver disease treatments (lactulose, senna, docusate, silicones, antiflatulents [all p < 0.001]; sucralfate [p = 0.005], albumin [p = 0.228]). Conclusions: High-throughput screening using tree-based scan statistics detected potentially hepatotoxic drugs for investigation in future pharmacoepidemiology studies. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ▎Original Research Performance of the Self-Controlled Case Series With Active Comparators for Drug Safety Signal Detection Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 丨 2025-12-XX 丨 Original Research ▍使用临床实践研究数据库的自体对照病例序列联合活性对照方法在药物安全信号检测中的性能评价 研究背景 药物安全信号检测是药物警戒的核心环节，及时准确地识别潜在的药品不良反应信号对于保障患者用药安全至关重要。基于电子健康档案（EHR）的真实世界数据为药物安全信号检测提供了丰富的资源，但如何在真实世界数据中实现高灵敏度和高特异性的信号检测仍是一个方法学挑战。自体对照病例序列（SCCS）设计因其可控制个体间混杂因素而备受关注，而引入活性对照可能进一步控制适应证导致的混杂偏倚。本研究以英国临床实践研究数据库（CPRD Aurum）为数据源，系统评价了SCCS设计在有无活性对照条件下的信号检测性能，为基于电子健康档案的药物警戒方法学发展提供了重要证据。 核心发现 • 构建了包含104个阳性对照和58个阴性对照的参考标准集，确保药物-结局配对在理论上适合SCCS设计 • 无活性对照的SCCS灵敏度为0.57、特异度为0.77；加入活性对照后特异度提高至0.89，但灵敏度下降至0.18 • 5个药物-结局配对在出现在药品标签之前即被SCCS方法识别为不平衡信号 • 使用大环内酯类和氟喹诺酮类抗生素作为目标药物，阿莫西林和头孢氨苄作为活性对照，覆盖全部器官类别的30个结局 领域意义 本研究对医院药物警戒工作具有直接的方法学指导价值。SCCS设计在CPRD数据库中展现出中等水平的信号检测性能，为医院药物不良反应监测提供了可借鉴的分析框架。研究表明活性对照可有效减少适应证混淆，但可能因统计效力下降而降低阳性信号的检出能力，这为医院药学科在真实世界药物安全研究中平衡特异度和灵敏度提供了重要参考。该方法学框架可应用于医院电子病历系统的药物不良反应主动监测中，帮助临床药师更精确地识别潜在药物安全问题。 英文摘要 (Abstract) Background: There is little evidence about signal detection using UK primary care electronic health records (EHRs). The self controlled case series (SCCS) is one of the most promising methods for drug safety signal detection using real world data, and incorporating active comparators could potentially improve its performance by addressing confounding by indication. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the performance of the SCCS with and without active comparators for signal detection using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum. Methods: We applied the SCCS to macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, using amoxicillin and cefalexin as active comparators. In total seven drugs, and 30 outcomes from all organ classes were selected. We developed a reference set of 104 positive controls and 58 negative controls, using a taxonomy framework to ensure the selected drug outcome pairs are theoretically well suited to the SCCS design. Two-year observation periods with a 30-day risk window after each dispensing were used. Diagnostic performance was measured using sensitivity and specificity with respect to the product labels. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the SCCS without active comparator in the 2017/2018 observation period were 0.57 and 0.77 when limited to pairs with satisfactory power. Specificity increased up to 0.89 with active comparators, however sensitivity decreased to 0.18. Five drug-outcome pairs were signals of disproportionality before they were present on labels. Conclusions: Using a carefully designed reference set of drug-outcome pairs well suited to the study design, the SCCS performed moderately well for signal detection in CPRD. Whilst active comparators effectively reduced confounding by indication, they also reduced the number of correctly identified positive controls, due to a reduction in power. We showed some evidence that SCCS is able to highlight SDRs before they were present on labels. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ▎Original Research Predictors of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use in Northern Italy: A Population-Based Study Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 丨 2025-12-XX 丨 Original Research ▍北意大利直接口服抗凝药使用的预测因素：一项基于人群的研究 研究背景 直接口服抗凝药（DOACs）已成为房颤和静脉血栓栓塞症抗凝治疗的主流选择。然而，不同DOACs（阿哌沙班、利伐沙班、达比加群、艾多沙班）之间的头对头比较证据有限，临床实践中DOAC选择和转换的驱动因素尚不明确。临床指南通常不会明确推荐某一种DOAC优于其他DOAC，但在真实世界的处方实践中可能存在特定的处方模式。了解影响临床决策的因素对于优化抗凝治疗管理、促进合理用药和识别潜在的不当处方模式具有重要意义。本研究利用意大利伦巴第大区的卫生行政数据库，分析了2019-2022年间近16万例新起始DOAC使用者的处方模式、预测因素和转换情况。 核心发现 • 共识别159,993名DOAC新使用者，阿哌沙班使用比例从29.0%上升至34.3%，而达比加群从20.7%下降至11.5% • 高龄和女性性别是艾多沙班处方的预测因素；合并症主要与阿哌沙班使用相关；缺血性心脏病或心梗病史者优先使用达比加群 • DOAC总体转换率为5.6%，阿哌沙班是最常被选择的第二种DOAC；达比加群主要在有血管缺血性事件后被选为第二种DOAC • 有出血史的患者优先被处方阿哌沙班和艾多沙班，外周动脉疾病患者倾向于使用利伐沙班 领域意义 本研究为医院药学中抗凝药物管理提供了重要的真实世界证据。了解不同DOAC的处方预测因素有助于医院药师在抗凝治疗方案的制定和评估中发挥更积极的作用。研究发现阿哌沙班的处方偏好呈上升趋势，而达比加群使用量下降，这反映了真实临床实践中对抗凝药物的风险-获益评估趋势。出血史患者优先使用阿哌沙班和艾多沙班的模式提示临床医生对特定DOAC安全性的认知在影响处方决策。这些数据有助于医院药学部门制定基于证据的抗凝药物管理策略，优化个体化抗凝治疗方案，并为医院药事管理中抗凝药物的处方审核和药学监护提供参考。 英文摘要 (Abstract) Purpose: Evidence on head-to-head comparison between direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) is lacking, and the reasons for choosing one type of DOAC and switching from one DOAC to another are scarce. This study investigated the use of DOACs in an unselected population in Northern Italy during a recent period. Methods: Using the health administrative database of the Lombardy region, subjects aged 45 years and older who started DOAC therapy between 2019 and 2022 were included in the analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate predictors associated with DOAC prescription, and results were presented as ORs with 95% CI. DOAC switching was assessed by estimating the prevalence and cumulative incidence according to the first prescribed DOAC. Results: Overall, 159 993 new users for DOAC were identified. Apixaban users increased from 29.0% to 34.3%, whereas dabigatran users decreased from 20.7% to 11.5% over time. Across all pair-wise comparisons, older age and female sex were predictors for edoxaban prescription. Comorbidities were mainly associated with the use of apixaban; however, dabigatran was preferred in patients with a history of ischemic heart disease or myocardial infarction and rivaroxaban in those with peripheral artery disease. Both apixaban and edoxaban were preferentially prescribed to patients with a history of bleeding. The switching rate of DOACs was 5.6% with apixaban as the most preferred drug as a second choice. Dabigatran was mainly chosen as a second DOAC after a vascular ischaemic event. Conclusion: Given the lack of evidence on factors influencing clinician behavior in the use of DOACs, our findings provide insight into this topic in a real-world setting. As the use of these agents increases, further evidence is needed to better explore this issue. Our data could contribute to the development of recommendations in clinical practice. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ▎Original Research Measuring Exposure to Opioids Using Self-Reported Medication Use Data Versus General Practitioner Prescription Records in the UK Biobank Study Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 丨 2025-12-XX 丨 Original Research ▍英国生物银行研究中自我报告用药数据与全科医师处方记录在阿片类药物暴露测量中的比较 研究背景 全球范围内阿片类药物的使用持续增长，使得研究其长期健康影响的重要性日益凸显。前瞻性队列研究通常依赖自我报告的用药数据，但这类数据可能因回忆偏倚、社会期望偏倚和药物识别能力有限等因素而存在偏差。相比之下，处方记录被视为更客观的用药暴露测量指标，但也可能遗漏非处方来源和未记录的实际使用情况。两种数据来源的一致性和差异对于药物流行病学研究的方法学质量具有重要影响。本研究利用英国生物银行（UK Biobank）大规模队列中171,813名参与者的数据，系统比较了自我报告规律用药与全科医师（GP）处方记录在阿片类药物暴露测量中的一致性。 核心发现 • 自我报告规律阿片类药物使用与处方记录之间一致性为中等至实质性，过去365天内≥3张处方的一致性最佳（Cohen's Kappa = 0.66） • 镇痛类阿片类药物一致性（Kappa = 0.43-0.63）显著优于非镇痛类阿片类药物（Kappa = 0.25-0.34） • 距末次处方记录时间越长，遗漏报告（omission）的概率越高；慢性疼痛患者遗漏率最低但错误报告率（commission）最高 • 自我报告可捕获来自未关联来源的阿片类药物使用情况，对于镇痛类阿片是一个有效的暴露评估指标 领域意义 本研究对医院药学中的药物利用研究和阿片类药物安全管理具有重要的方法学参考价值。研究结果提示，在进行药物流行病学研究中，自我报告数据和处方记录各有优劣，应根据研究目的和药物类别选择合适的暴露测量指标。对于医院药学部门开展的阿片类药物利用评价和风险管理，本研究的发现有助于理解不同数据来源可能导致的偏倚。在评估住院患者的院外用药史时，医院药师应注意仅依赖处方记录可能低估镇痛类药物的实际使用情况，而需要综合多种信息源进行全面评估。该研究也为医院建立阿片类药物监测体系提供了方法学依据。 英文摘要 (Abstract) Purpose: The ongoing global increase in opioid use necessitates studies examining long-term health impacts. Prospective cohorts frequently rely on self-reported medication use data which may be subject to several types of bias compared to more objective measurements. We evaluated the agreement between two opioid exposure measures in the UK Biobank (UKBB)-self-reported regular use and prescription-based indicators using linked general practitioner (GP) records. Methods: Our analysis included 171 813 UKBB participants with linked prescription records. At baseline, participants reported medications taken regularly (weekly, monthly, every 3 months). We assessed agreement between self-reported regular opioid use and opioid prescription records prior to enrollment across various look-back periods and prescription counts. Logistic regressions assessed factors associated with omission and commission. Results: Agreement was moderate to substantial between self-reported opioid use and prescription records. The strongest agreement was observed for ≥ 3 prescriptions in the past 365 days (Cohen's Kappa = 0.66). Subgroup analysis showed better agreement for analgesic opioids (Kappa = 0.43-0.63) than for non-analgesic opioids (Kappa = 0.25-0.34). Omission odds were highest with increasing months since the last record and lowest for individuals with chronic pain. Commission odds were highest for individuals with chronic pain and lowest in married/partnered individuals. Conclusions: This analysis indicates that self-reported regular opioid use in the UKBB could be a valid indicator for identifying individuals with repeated prescriptions for analgesic opioids in the past year, while also capturing opioid use from non-linked sources. However, agreement was low for non-analgesic opioids, suggesting limited utility of self-report for capturing use of these medications. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ▎Systematic Review Efficacy and Safety of All Monoclonal Antibodies in Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 丨 2025-12-XX 丨 Systematic Review ▍单克隆抗体治疗中重度特应性皮炎的疗效与安全性：系统综述与网络荟萃分析 研究背景 特应性皮炎（AD）是一种慢性、复发性炎症性皮肤病，严重影响患者生活质量。近年来，针对AD免疫病理机制的单克隆抗体（mAb）治疗迅速发展，多种新型生物制剂相继获批上市或在临床试验中展现出良好的治疗效果。然而，不同单克隆抗体之间的疗效和安全性缺乏直接的头对头比较研究，临床决策面临如何选择最优治疗方案的挑战。网络荟萃分析（NMA）作为可同时比较多种干预措施的统计学方法，为综合评估各单克隆抗体在AD治疗中的相对疗效和安全性提供了重要工具。本研究对截至2024年11月的所有相关随机对照试验进行了系统检索和网络荟萃分析。 核心发现 • 纳入32项RCT共7,588例患者，全面比较了多种单克隆抗体在中重度AD中的疗效和安全性 • Spesolimab、Rademikibart、Dupilumab和Amlitelimab在EASI-50、EASI-75、EASI-90和IGA改善方面均显著优于安慰剂 • 根据SUCRA排序，Dupilumab在瘙痒NRS评分、EASI评分和SCORAD评分的百分比变化方面表现出相对较好的疗效 • Dupilumab的严重不良事件发生率显著低于安慰剂（RR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.30-0.63），其他安全性分析结果无统计学差异 领域意义 本系统综述对医院药学中生物制剂的管理和使用具有重要的临床指导价值。研究通过网状荟萃分析综合比较了多种单克隆抗体在AD中的相对疗效和安全性，为临床药师的药物选择和治疗方案制定提供了循证依据。Dupilumab在疗效综合排名和安全性方面表现突出，特别是其严重不良事件发生率显著低于安慰剂的发现，进一步支持了其在AD治疗中的优选地位。随着生物制剂的广泛使用，医院药学科在生物制剂的处方审核、药学监护和用药教育中需要基于最新的证据，本研究提供的比较疗效和安全性数据可作为重要的决策参考。 英文摘要 (Abstract) Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD were searched in the database of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, up to November 2024. The control group included placebo. The efficacy indicators were the percentage of patients achieving 50%, 75%, 90% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index score (EASI-50, EASI-75, EASI-90) and the percentage of patients with an Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) Score of 0 or 1 from baseline until the time of efficacy observation, and the percent change in Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), EASI score, SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), and change in Percent Body Surface Area (BSA), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The statistical analysis was performed by Stata14 and RevMan5.4. Data processing, network evidence plots, surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) ranking, league plots and funnel plots were generated. Risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used as effect sizes to analyze binary categorical variables. Results: This study included 32 RCTs with 7588 patients. Spesolimab, Rademikibart, Dupilumab, Amlitelimab were more effective than placebo in EASI-50 (RRs ranging between 1.31 and 22.65), EASI-75(RRs ranging between 1.51 and 36.58), EASI-90(RRs ranging between 3.72 and 5.49), and the percentage of patients in IGA score of 0 or 1 (RRs ranging between 1.78 and 13.36). Dupilumab showed relatively good efficacy according to SUCRA ranking on percent change in NRS, EASI, SCORAD. Dupilumab exhibited a lower incidence of serious adverse events than placebo, and the difference was statistically significant (RR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.30-0.63). Other safety analysis results showed no statistical difference. Conclusions: Through the analysis of the primary efficacy indicators, this network meta-analysis (NMA) study indicated that all monoclonal antibodies performed better than placebo. Based on the results of this study, Spesolimab, Rademikibart, Dupilumab, Amlitelimab were recommended treatment options with relatively good efficacy and safety. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ▎参考文献·References [1] High-Throughput Screening Using the Self-Controlled Tree-Based Scan Statistic to Identify Medications Associated With Hospitalization for Severe Acute Liver Injury. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2025-12-XX. doi: 10.1002/pds.70275. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.70275 [2] Performance of the Self-Controlled Case Series With Active Comparators for Drug Safety Signal Detection Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2025-12-XX. doi: 10.1002/pds.70243. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.70243 [3] Predictors of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use in Northern Italy: A Population-Based Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2025-12-XX. doi: 10.1002/pds.70300. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.70300 [4] Measuring Exposure to Opioids Using Self-Reported Medication Use Data Versus General Practitioner Prescription Records in the UK Biobank Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2025-12-XX. doi: 10.1002/pds.70280. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.70280 [5] Efficacy and Safety of All Monoclonal Antibodies in Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2025-12-XX. doi: 10.1002/pds.70268. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.70268 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 医院药学研究导读丨聚焦全球医院药学前沿动态 关注我们，追踪全球药学前沿 第5期 丨 总第25期 丨 2026年6月

点击蓝字 关注我们 疼痛是肿瘤患者最常见和最令人痛苦的症状之一，与肿瘤患者的诊断、治疗、生活质量和生存期密切相关。目前，阿片类药物是临床控制中重度癌痛的一线核心用药，也是落实规范化癌痛管理、实现有效镇痛的关键手段，在临床中应用广泛。但阿片类药物存在明确用药风险，可引发恶心呕吐、瘙痒、尿潴留、过度镇静等不良反应。其中药物性便秘无法自行缓解，呼吸抑制、重度谵妄可危及生命。长期用药还易诱发药物依赖、成瘾及阿片类物质使用障碍，提升患者不良预后风险。 "肿瘤界"系统梳理阿片类药物常见不良反应的处理方案与风险防控策略，为临床安全、规范开展癌痛镇痛治疗提供参考。 阿片类药物治疗癌痛不良反应管理 阿片类药物不良反应（adverse drug reaction，ADR）的管理是癌痛整体治疗和全程管理的重要组成部分，需及时评估和治疗。 1. 阿片药物相关便秘（opioid induced constipation，OIC） （1）保证足够膳食纤维和液体量的摄入；刺激性泻药（番泻叶2~8片/d）或聚乙二醇溶于水（17g/8盎司，约240mL）口服可预防。 （2）新近出现便秘，建议联合使用辅助药物来减少阿片类药物的剂量。 （3）如果便秘持续，可口服乳果糖（15~45mL/d）、麻仁润肠丸（1~2丸、2次/d）或聚乙二醇钠钾散（1包，2~3次/d）。 （4）高危患者（如原有便秘病史、OIC等）轮替为羟考酮-纳洛酮复合制剂可减少便秘的发生或缓解便秘。 （5）难治性便秘患者鞘内给药或通过微创镇痛治疗可减少甚至逐步停用全身阿片类药物。 2. 恶心、呕吐 （1）一线药物：口服甲氧氯普胺（10~15mg，4次/d）、丙氯拉嗪（10mg/6小时，按需给药）或氟哌啶醇（0.5~1mg/6~8h，按需给药）。 （2）可替代药物：口服昂丹司琼（8mg，3次/d）或格拉司琼（1mg，2次/d）、奥氮平（2.5~5mg/睡前）、地塞米松等。 （3）如恶心持续1周以上，须重新评估、排除其他原因，不能缓解者可考虑阿片类药物轮替、鞘内给药或其他微创镇痛治疗以减少全身阿片类药物剂量。 （4）呕吐高危患者（如首次使用阿片类药物、既往呕吐史）可预防性使用昂丹司琼、格拉司琼等。 3. 瘙痒 （1）瘙痒伴有皮疹、荨麻疹或呼吸短促，应考虑阿片药物过敏，重新选择另一种阿片类药物。 （2）药物治疗：西替利嗪（5~10mg/d，口服或静注）、苯海拉明（25~50mg/6h，口服或静注）、异丙嗪（25mg/12h，肌注）。 （3）药物治疗失败考虑阿片类药物轮替；或小剂量纳洛酮持续输注（0.25~1µg/kg/h），缓解瘙痒同时不会降低阿片类药物镇痛作用。 4. 谵妄 （1）排除其他可能导致谵妄的因素（如感染、高钙血症、中枢神经系统异常、疾病转移、其他精神类药物或无法控制的疼痛等）。 （2）降低阿片类药物剂量或轮替使用另一种阿片类药物。 （3）药物治疗：氟哌啶醇（0.5~2mg/4~6h）、奥氮平（2.5~5mg/6~8h，口服），或利培酮（0.25~0.5mg，1~2次/d，肌注）。 5. 尿潴留 （1）诱导排尿：流水诱导、膀胱按摩或下腹部（膀胱区）热敷等。 （2）药物治疗：坦索罗辛（0.2mg，1次/d，口服）。 （3）导尿或留置导尿管（2~3天），如不能缓解需重新评估，排除其他因素或专科处理。 6. 镇静 建议采用帕赛罗阿片类药物相关镇静量表（pasero opioid-induced sedation scale，POSS）评估阿片类药物引起的镇静水平（表），并依此调整阿片类药物剂量。 表：POSS阿片类药物镇静量表及处理 镇静等级 处理方式 S. 睡眠（易于唤醒） 无需处理，阿片药物正常使用 1. 清醒且警觉 无需处理，阿片药物正常使用 2. 略微困倦（易于唤醒） 无需处理，阿片药物正常使用 3. 经常困倦 可被唤醒，谈话间昏沉入睡 阿片类药物剂量减少25%~50%，进一步风险评估； 如无禁忌证，可以使用无镇静作用的非阿片类药物（例如，对乙酰氨基酚或非甾体类抗炎药）； 密切监控镇静水平，防止呼吸抑制，直至POSS<3且保障充分呼吸。 4. 嗜睡 对言语或身体刺激反应较小或无反应 停止使用阿片类药物，必要时考虑给患者使用纳洛酮； 密切监控呼吸抑制和镇静水平，直至POSS<3且保障充分呼吸。 7. 呼吸抑制 （1）镇静通常先于呼吸抑制发生，镇静水平进行性加重时需警惕呼吸抑制的发生。呼吸频率<10次/min，可能是呼吸抑制的早期体征。 （2）频率减慢是阿片类药物呼吸抑制的特征，如呼吸频率<8次/min需立即处理，包括：减少阿片类药物剂量、延长其给药间隔或暂停使用。密切监测氧饱和（SpO2），如SpO2<90%应予鼻导管或面罩吸氧，必要时无创呼吸支持，直至呼吸状态改善。如患者病情不稳或反应迟钝，可考虑纳洛酮拮抗（0.4mg/10mL的纳洛酮1~2mL/30~60s静注，直至症状改善）。如10分钟内对纳洛酮无反应，且纳洛酮总剂量达到1mg，应考虑导致神经系统状态变化的其他原因。 表：癌痛全程管理常用阿片类药物的特点及注意事项 阿片类药物使用中风险与风险缓解策略 1. 阿片依赖与成瘾 阿片类药物依赖包括躯体依赖和精神依赖。前者主要表现为“阿片戒断反应”，当阿片类药物骤然停药/减量，机体会出现焦虑、易怒、寒战、出汗、关节痛、流泪、恶心、呕吐、腹部绞痛、腹泻等戒断症状。精神依赖即“成瘾”，表现为用药失去控制、强迫性使用，尽管受到伤害，患者仍继续和渴望使用药物。精神依赖将严重损害生活质量。 2. 阿片类药物滥用 药物滥用指为了获得理想的精神或生理效应，有意、非治疗性地使用药物，即使只用药1次。在长期使用阿片类药物患者中，阿片类药物滥用的发生率在21%~29%。滥用可能导致阿片成瘾。 3. 阿片样物质使用障碍 阿片样物质使用障碍（Opioid use disorder，OUD）被认为是一组与阿片类药物相关的认知、行为和心理症状，提示个体存在明显的与阿片类药物相关问题时仍继续使用。长期使用阿片类药物的癌痛患者中，8%~12%会出现OUD，导致长期过量使用，对免疫功能产生显著负面影响，并有可能增加肿瘤复发和死亡风险。 4. 风险缓解策略 （1）评估工具选择：阿片类药物使用前，推荐使用《癌痛患者筛查及阿片类药物应用评估（screener and opioid assessment for patients with pain-revised，SOAPP-R）》和/或《阿片类药物风险评估工具（opioid risk tool，ORT）》进行评估；阿片类药物使用过程中推荐使用《阿片类药物滥用状况量表（current opioid misuse measure，COMM）》进行实时监测评估。 （2）预防及处理：向患者以及家属宣教阿片类药物治疗的潜在风险和获益、合理使用与储存等。肿瘤幸存者如需长期使用阿片类药物，应尽量使用低剂量并及时随访。合并OUD的慢性癌痛患者推荐使用美沙酮、丁丙诺啡进行疼痛管理。对高风险OUD患者，应尽早转诊至疼痛科、介入科等，通过微创镇痛或介入治疗予以足够镇痛，最大限度地减少阿片类药物应用。多学科诊疗干预，通过临床姑息医学专家和精神心理专家、OUD专家、社会服务机构合作等协调治疗。 推荐阅读 《2026 NCCN成人癌痛指南中文版》正式发布 癌痛全程管理中国专家共识（2025版） 《中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)癌痛诊疗指南》编写启动会在济南召开 声明：本文由“肿瘤界”整理与汇编，欢迎分享转载，如需使用本文内容，请务必注明出处。 参考文献： 1. 中国肿瘤整合诊治指南（CACA)成人癌痛治疗_V2.0_2026 2. 中国医师协会疼痛科医师分会,国家卫生健康委能力建设和继续教育中心癌痛全程管理专家组. 癌痛全程管理中国专家共识（2025版）[J]. 中国疼痛医学杂志, 2025, (9):643-657. 编辑：Lagertha 审核：阿希雅