预约演示

更新于：2025-05-07

JNK2

更新于：2025-05-07

基本信息

别名

c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2、JNK-55、JNK2

+ [12]

简介

MAPK9 isoforms display different binding patterns: alpha-1 and alpha-2 preferentially bind to JUN, whereas beta-1 and beta-2 bind to ATF2. However, there is no correlation between binding and phosphorylation, which is achieved at about the same efficiency by all isoforms. JUNB is not a substrate for JNK2 alpha-2, and JUND binds only weakly to it. Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, transformation and programmed cell death (PubMed:10376527, PubMed:15805466, PubMed:17525747, PubMed:19675674, PubMed:20595622, PubMed:21364637, PubMed:22441692, PubMed:34048572). Extracellular stimuli such as pro-inflammatory cytokines or physical stress stimulate the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) signaling pathway. In this cascade, two dual specificity kinases MAP2K4/MKK4 and MAP2K7/MKK7 phosphorylate and activate MAPK9/JNK2 (PubMed:10376527, PubMed:15805466, PubMed:17525747, PubMed:19675674, PubMed:20595622, PubMed:21364637, PubMed:22441692, PubMed:34048572). In turn, MAPK9/JNK2 phosphorylates a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as JUN and ATF2 and thus regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity (PubMed:10376527). In response to oxidative or ribotoxic stresses, inhibits rRNA synthesis by phosphorylating and inactivating the RNA polymerase 1-specific transcription initiation factor RRN3 (PubMed:15805466). Promotes stressed cell apoptosis by phosphorylating key regulatory factors including TP53 and YAP1 (PubMed:17525747, PubMed:21364637). In T-cells, MAPK8 and MAPK9 are required for polarized differentiation of T-helper cells into Th1 cells (PubMed:19290929). Upon T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, is activated by CARMA1, BCL10, MAP2K7 and MAP3K7/TAK1 to regulate JUN protein levels (PubMed:19290929). Plays an important role in the osmotic stress-induced epithelial tight-junctions disruption (PubMed:20595622). When activated, promotes beta-catenin/CTNNB1 degradation and inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway (PubMed:19675674). Participates also in neurite growth in spiral ganglion neurons (By similarity). Phosphorylates the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer and plays a role in the regulation of the circadian clock (PubMed:22441692). Phosphorylates POU5F1, which results in the inhibition of POU5F1's transcriptional activity and enhances its proteasomal degradation (By similarity). Phosphorylates ALKBH5 in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoting ALKBH5 sumoylation and inactivation (PubMed:34048572).

关联

项与 JNK2 相关的药物

C66

靶点

JNK2

作用机制

JNK2抑制剂

在研机构

温州医科大学

原研机构

温州医科大学

在研适应症

糖尿病肾病

非在研适应症-

最高研发阶段临床申请批准

首次获批国家/地区-

首次获批日期1800-01-20

1,5-Diarylpyrazole derivatives-6c

靶点

EGFR x JNK2

作用机制

EGFR拮抗剂 [+1]

在研机构

Al-Azhar University

原研机构-

在研适应症

肿瘤

非在研适应症-

最高研发阶段临床前

首次获批国家/地区-

首次获批日期1800-01-20

JNK-in-IX

靶点

JNK2

作用机制

JNK2抑制剂

在研机构

长庚大学 [+1]

原研机构

南京大学

在研适应症

偏头痛 [+1]

非在研适应症-

最高研发阶段临床前

首次获批国家/地区-

首次获批日期1800-01-20

100 项与 JNK2 相关的临床结果

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100 项与 JNK2 相关的转化医学

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0 项与 JNK2 相关的专利（医药）

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3,453

项与 JNK2 相关的文献（医药）

2025-12-01·Molecular Biology Reports

STAT-3, ELK-1, and c- Jun contributes IL-6 mediated ADAMTS-8 upregulation in colorectal cancer

Article

作者: Sav, Feyza Nur ; Keskin, Saliha Derya ; Eroğlu, Kübra Paspal ; Alper, Meltem ; Köçkar, Feray ; Keleş, Yasemin

BACKGROUNDADAMTSs are extracellular matrix metalloproteinases that mainly process extracellular matrix components and closely related tumorigenesis. ADAMTS-8 is an anti-angiogenic member of the family and is dysregulated in common cancers. The tumor suppressor function of the ADAMTS-8 has been demonstrated in colorectal cancer. Although ADAMTS-8 plays a critical role in tumor progression, transcriptional regulatory features haven't been studied yet.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe human ADAMTS-8 promoter was cloned into the pMetLuc Reporter vector. Basal promoter activity and the effect of the IL-6 on ADAMTS-8 promoter activity were determined by transient transfection assays in SW480 cells. QRT-PCR and Western blot analyses assessed the impact of IL-6 on ADAMTS-8 mRNA and protein expressions. Functional binding of the specific transcription factors to the ADAMTS-8 promoter region was evaluated by ChIP qPCR and EMSA.RESULTSOur results demonstrated that the ADAMTS-8 promoter includes multiple binding sites for transcription factors that could be activated in the inflammatory pathways. IL-6 stimulation increased ADAMTS-8 promoter activity, also mRNA, and protein expressions. Pathway inhibition studies showed that IL-6-mediated induction of ADAMTS-8 was achieved through p38/MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K, and SAPK/JNK pathways. STATs, Elk-1, and c-Jun functionally bind to the ADAMTS-8 promoter region.CONCLUSIONIt can be concluded that inflammation is a strong positive regulator of the ADAMTS-8 gene.

2025-07-01·Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal miR-24–3p alleviates spinal cord injury by targeting MAPK9 to inhibit the JNK/c-Jun/c-Fos pathway

Article

作者: Yang, Changjian ; Ou, Yuxuan ; Sun, Peiwen ; Huang, Haoran ; Huang, Longcheng ; Kuang, Wenhao ; Yu, Cheng ; Lin, Jiezhao ; Li, Dailong ; Zhou, Chusong ; Xie, Xuyuan

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a very harmful neurological disease that can cause serious damage to sensation, movement, and autonomic nervous function below the affected area. Apoptosis and inflammatory response play important roles in the pathological process of spinal cord injury. The exosomes secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) may play a protective role against spinal cord injury. However, the detailed mechanism behind this is not fully understood. The main objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (BMSCs-EXO) in SCI in vitro and in vivo and their mechanisms.The study demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells reduced apoptosis and inflammation and promoted axon growth in LPS-treated PC12 cells.The miRDB predicted that miR-24-3p targets MAPK9(JNK2). Transcriptome sequencing and Western blot confirmed that miR-24-3p inhibits the JNK/c-Jun/c-Fos pathway by targeting MAPK9.In vivo experiments, injection of BMSC exosomes overexpressing miR-24-3p from the tail vein attenuated the SCI exercise injury-related behavior in rats. In conclusion, this study indicates that bone marrow MSC-derived exosomes can mitigate SCI-related injury by suppressing apoptosis and inflammation, with miR-24-3p playing a crucial role, potentially offering a novel therapeutic approach for SCI treatment.

2025-06-02·Journal of Experimental Medicine

Dominant interfering CARD11 variants disrupt JNK signaling to promote GATA3 expression in T cells

Article

作者: Cooper, Megan A. ; Stinson, Jeffrey R. ; Dalgard, Clifton L. ; Milner, Joshua D. ; Chan, Alice Y. ; Huang, Lei Haley ; Sukumar, Gauthaman ; Saucier, Nermina ; Bauman, Bradly M. ; Frank, Andrew M. ; Kallarakal, Melissa A. ; Snow, Andrew L.

Several “primary atopic disorders” are linked to monogenic defects that attenuate TCR signaling, favoring T helper type 2 (TH2) cell differentiation. Patients with CARD11-associated atopy with dominant interference of NF-κB signaling (CADINS) disease suffer from severe atopy, caused by germline loss-of-function/dominant interfering (LOF/DI) CARD11 variants. The CARD11 scaffold enables TCR-induced activation of NF-κB, mTORC1, and JNK signaling, yet the function of CARD11-dependent JNK signaling in T cells remains nebulous. Here we show that CARD11 is critical for TCR-induced activation of JNK1 and JNK2, as well as canonical JUN/FOS AP-1 family members. Patient-derived CARD11 DI variants attenuated WT CARD11 JNK signaling, mirroring effects on NF-κB. Transcriptome profiling revealed JNK inhibition upregulated TCR-induced expression of GATA3 and NFATC1, key transcription factors for TH2 cell development. Further, impaired CARD11-JNK signaling was linked to enhanced GATA3 expression in CADINS patient T cells. Our findings reveal a novel intrinsic mechanism connecting impaired CARD11-dependent JNK signaling to enhanced GATA3/NFAT2 induction and TH2 cell differentiation in CADINS patients.

项与 JNK2 相关的新闻（医药）

2025-01-08

·Business Wire

Celmatix Launches Novel Endometriosis Drug Program

NEW YORK--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Celmatix Therapeutics, a biotechnology company focused on advancing groundbreaking therapeutics for women’s health, has announced its latest drug program, a novel Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor that targets pain and inflammation. The therapeutic drug candidate, developed using the DNA-Encoded Chemistry Technology (DEC-Tec) platform at the Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), aims to address a critical unmet need in first-line treatments for a range of women’s health indications, starting with endometriosis and potentially extending to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian aging. Endometriosis is a chronic disease impacting the quality of health and life for over 10% of girls and women between the ages of 15-45 worldwide. It is best known for causing pain during periods, sexual intercourse, bowel movements, and urination, but it may also lead to chronic pelvic pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, fatigue, infertility, mental health conditions, and increased risks for pregnancy complications, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and cancer. Endometriosis-associated pain also negatively impacts women across their educational and career trajectories. In the US alone, endometriosis imposes an estimated $69 billion dollar burden on the health care system and over $119 billion dollars in lost productivity annually. While traditionally viewed as the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, it is increasingly recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition, potentially explaining its numerous associated health issues. The standard of care involves surgical removal of lesions or affected organs, though recurrence often necessitates repeated procedures. Symptom management typically relies on pain medications and hormonal therapies, which provide the impetus for developing related treatments. Celmatix Therapeutics founder and CEO, Dr. Piraye Yurttas Beim, remarked, “Despite impacting one-in-ten women and girls, to date there have been no disease-altering, first-line medications brought to market to treat endometriosis. As someone who has been impacted by endometriosis since my first period, I can relate to the burden that this debilitating disease places on individuals, families, employers, and communities. Thanks to our decade-long multi-omics initiative, our research group was early in recognizing that inflammation is core to the pathophysiology of endometriosis and may explain why it predisposes women for so many other health conditions down the road. Long after their periods have ended, women pay the price for their period pain having been papered over with painkillers and birth control pills rather than truly addressed and cured. I dream of a better health trajectory for my daughter and her peers and believe that our new JNK immunotherapy will unlock that brighter future.” Dr. Stephen Palmer, Chief Scientific Officer of Celmatix Therapeutics, added, “Endometriosis represents an opportunity to address both one of the most significant areas of unmet clinical need and one of the biggest commercial opportunities in women’s health. Our evaluation process to find the right drug program to pursue involved a number of criteria, including target evaluation for anticipated safety, efficacy, and druggability. We also knew that we wanted to prioritize a biological target that was ideally involved in both the transmission of peripheral pain signals and inflammation. It rapidly became clear that a novel class of JNK inhibitors with greater specificity for JNK1 and 3 than for JNK 2 had the potential to meet our target product objectives. It was at that stage that we approached our colleagues at BCM to license lead compounds with many of the desired drug qualities. The promising JNK inhibitor scaffolds discovered at BCM have unique efficacy, potency, and safety signals achieved through novel interactions not previously addressed by other JNK inhibitors. The work on these compounds also confirmed reductions in inflammatory cytokines in models of endometriosis established for cell cultures and endometriosis lesion regression in rodent models. We are now rapidly progressing these licensed compounds through our internal lead optimization efforts and are optimistic to be able to nominate a development candidate soon.” Dr. Martin Matzuk, Director of the Center for Drug Discovery at BCM, who has dedicated over 30 years to discovering drug targets in women’s health, stated, “We are confident that Celmatix Therapeutics is the ideal partner for this innovative endometriosis treatment, with potential to expand into other women’s health indications. I have known members of the Celmatix team for over two decades, and they have a proven track record in research integrity and business acumen. The JNK project originated from screens using our sophisticated multi-billion compound DEC-Tec platform, and we are very pleased with the progress made by the Celmatix team.” Dr. Paul Klotman, President of BCM, praised the strategic collaboration between BCM and Celmatix, “Baylor College of Medicine always values the creation of knowledge and its application to further healthcare. Our collaboration on the JNK project for endometriosis reflects our mission to translate basic science into clinical treatments. This partnership exemplifies our commitment to innovative solutions that can directly impact patient care, and we are excited to see its potential for broader applications in women’s health and beyond.” Celmatix Therapeutics has previously announced its oral follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) small molecule program for women seeking infertility help in assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinics and its Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) agonist biologics program for overcoming ovarian aging. About Celmatix Therapeutics Celmatix Therapeutics is a preclinical-stage women’s health biotech focused on advancing groundbreaking therapeutics for women’s health. With its growing pipeline of innovative drug programs including an AMHR2 agonist program focused on ovarian aging, an oral FSH for infertility, and a JNK inhibitor program for endometriosis, Celmatix Therapeutics is addressing areas of high unmet need by developing the next generation of interventions and pioneering advancements in women’s health. For more information, visit the company’s website at www.celmatix.com . About Baylor College of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine ( www.bcm.edu ) in Houston is recognized as a health sciences university and is known for excellence in education, research and patient care. Baylor is a top-ranked medical school and listed 20 th among all U.S. medical schools for National Institutes of Health funding and No. 1 in Texas. Located in the Texas Medical Center, Baylor has affiliations with seven teaching hospitals and jointly owns and operates Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center, part of St. Luke’s Health. Currently, Baylor has more than 3,000 trainees in medical, graduate, nurse anesthesia, physician assistant, orthotics and genetic counseling as well as residents and postdoctoral fellows. The Center for Drug Discovery at BCM was created in 2012 with the goal to develop small-molecule probes, preclinical candidates, and drugs for researchers and clinicians. DEC-Tec, the major platform in the Center for Drug Discovery, contains an academic screening collection of over 7 billion drug-like molecules.

免疫疗法

2024-11-11

·医药速览

下一代TCE之共刺激信号的选择：我们从CAR-T学到了什么？

11月7日维立志博与风险投资公司Aditum Bio宣布，基于维立志博CD3xCD19xBCMA三特异性T细胞衔接器（TCE）LBL-051成立新药研发公司Oblenio Bio，并达成了独家选择权及许可协议。根据协议条款，维立志博将授予Oblenio在全球范围内开发、生产和商业化LBL-051的独家选择权和许可，并有权获得3500万美元的首付款和近期付款，总额最高达5.79亿美元的里程碑付款，以及未来产品的销售分成。此外，维立志博还将有权获得Oblenio的股权。这是最近3个月内第5款出海的TCE（详见TCE vs CAR-T: 东风压倒西风），并且很有可能与其它四款TCE一样将用于自免疾病特别是系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的临床开发。TCE已然成为业内的当红炸子鸡，引来众多药企纷纷布局。其实业内对于TCE的研发至少已经有30年的历史了，FDA已经批准了9款TCE。如果说2014获批的Blincyto属于第1代TCE（不含Fc，半衰期短），近年获批的多款CD3双抗属于第2代TCE，那么目前处于临床开发的一些TCE则属于第3代TCE。第3代TCE与前2代TCE最大的不同是在CD3的基础上引入了共刺激信号，而这一研发思路很大程度来源于我们在CAR-T研发中积累的经验（图1）。图1. 三代CAR-T的结构示意图 1989年，基于scFv和CD3复合物(ζ链)胞内结构域融合的第1代CAR-T细胞被开发出来。但由于只含有激活受体CD3-ζ，第1代CAR-T细胞无法完全激活其活性，而且大多数实验在细胞扩增、体内存活时间、细胞因子分泌等方面存在不足，治疗效果不明显。 2010年，在第1代基础上，通过引入一个共刺激受体结构域（如CD28、4-1BB、DAP10等）开发出了第2代CAR-T细胞，第2代显著增强了CAR-T免疫活性激活，并提高了其作用持久性。 2012年出现的第3代CAR包含两个共刺激结构域，一个为CD28或4-1BB，另一个为OX40、CD28或4-1BB。但一系列临床前及临床试验表明第2代CAR比第3代CAR能更有效地激活下游信号并限制细胞因子的过度释放。 T 细胞的活化是免疫应答的核心，诱导 T 细胞活化、增殖及分化为效应 T 细胞需要双信号刺激：第一信号由 T 细胞受体（T-cell receptor, TCR）传导并由粘附分子增强；共刺激信号由抗原递呈细胞 (Antigen-Presenting Cell, APC) 表面共刺激分子和 T 细胞相应受体相互作用产生，可增强 TCR 信号。 Naive T细胞通过TCR识别MHC-抗原肽获得抗原识别第一信号后，必须有共刺激分子提供的第二信号（共刺激信号），T细胞才能被激活（图2）。没有第二信号，许多基因，尤其是编码IL-2的基因不发生转录激活，没有IL-2的作用，获得了抗原识别信号的T细胞不能进入增殖分化阶段，呈现无能状态，还可能导致凋亡。图2. T细胞激活示意图与CAR-T相似，引入共刺激信号的TCE可能增强T细胞的激活并获得长期的活性。 1、CD28 CD28是首个被靶向的共刺激受体，在T细胞表面表达，在APC刺激TCR后提供第二信号。一旦TCR和CD28都被激发，T细胞就开始分泌免疫刺激干扰素并释放穿孔素和颗粒酶来溶解肿瘤细胞（图2）。赛诺菲是最早将CD28引入到CD3双抗的公司并至少将2款CD3/CD28/TAA三抗先后于2021年推进到临床阶段，分别是CD3/CD28/Her2（SAR443216）及CD3/CD28/CD38三抗（SAR442257）（图3）。图3. 赛诺菲三抗示意图但据赛诺菲2023年Q4财报显示，2款三抗的临床开发均已终止。在今年的ESMO年会上赛诺菲公开了CD3/CD28/Her2三抗的临床数据：未观察到客观响应（ORR=0%），疾病控制率为 35%（14/40），ADA发生率达到20%，除了疾病进展外，没有观察到 5 级 TEAEs，最大耐受剂量未达到。另一家在CD28上广泛布局的MNC是再生元。但与赛诺菲不同，再生元更关注CD28/TAA双抗，并通过与CD3双抗、PD-1等药物联用，已在临床前展现出强劲潜力。目前其临床管线上有CD28/PSMA（REGN5678）、CD28/EGFR（REGN7075）、CD28/MUC16（REGN4018）、CD28/CD22（REGN5837），其中CD28/PSMA与CD3/PSMA目前在进行临床1期联合治疗前列腺癌。 2、4-1BB 4-1BB又称CD137，配体为4-1BBL，是一种Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白，主要表达于树突状细胞（DC）、B细胞和巨噬细胞表面。作为另一种第二信号，4-1BB和4-1BBL的结合可激活下游NF-κB/JNK/SAPK/p38 MAPK等通路，进一步产生共刺激信号诱导CD4+和CD8+T细胞的活性，促进T细胞的增殖（图4）。图4. 4-1BB信号通路示意图目前全球有十余款4-1BB/TAA双抗处于临床开发阶段，但截至目前均未取得令人满意的结果（详见百济神州4-1BB/GPC3双抗（BGB-B2033）恐怕注定要失败）。也许将第一信号与第二信号相结合的CD3/4-1BB/TAA三抗才是正确的研发方向，罗氏目前有2款CD3/4-1BB/TAA三抗处于临床1期，分别是CD3/4-1BB/CLDN6（SAIL66）及CD3/4-1BB/DLL3（RG6524）。 2款三抗均是基于罗氏集团下属中外制药（Chugai）开发的CD3/4-1BB/TAA三抗平台而得，但在设计上却有着不同的考量。尽管安进的CD3/DLL3双抗（Tarlatamab）在SCLC治疗上取得突破而于今年5月获得FDA批准上市（详见DLL3：王者归来？），但是对于T细胞浸润很少的一些实体瘤，即使CD3双抗激活了T细胞疗效也不足，所以在CD3基础上，中外制药希望同时激活4-1BB共刺激信号，来进一步增强T细胞的活性并延长效应时间。于是中外制药就巧妙的通过对已有的CD3抗体设计得到的噬菌体合成库筛选出了一款“竞争性结合”双特异性Fab，既能结合CD3又能结合4-1BB但却不能同时结合（图5），这是为了避免同时激活不同T细胞上的CD3和4-1BB而导致T细胞之间的自相残杀。图5.CD3/4-1BB “竞争性结合”双特异性Fab筛选示意图然后将CD3/4-1BB“竞争性结合”双特异性Fab与CLDN6 Fab组装而成CD3/4-1BB/CLDN6三抗（图6A）并产生其Dual-Ig（Dual effectpr/receptor redirecting-Immunoglobulin）平台。图6. CD3/4-1BB/CLDN6三抗（A）结构示意图与（B）亲和力传统的抗体为Y字型结构，因为铰链区的存在，两个Fab相对比较灵活，因此其可以自由的结合抗原。而对于激动型抗体，抗体要发挥作用需要将受体二聚化甚至多聚化，因此抗体相对灵活的结构反而在一定程度上阻碍了受体的二聚化或者多聚化。基于此，中外制药的研发人员在抗体两条重链CH1中引入二硫键，从而将抗体的两个Fab固定，以增强激动型抗体的效果从而产生了LINC-Ig（LINCed-Immunoglobulin）平台（图7）。图7. LINC-Ig平台设计示意图及体外药效于是将Dual-Ig与LINC-Ig结合就得到了CD3/4-1BB/DLL3（RG6524）三抗及Dual/LINC-Ig平台（图8A）。不难看出，之所以该三抗选择了Dual/LINC-Ig平台是基于不同Formats之间体外活性（图8B）及体内安全性的比较。此外，Dual/LINC-Ig平台在体内药效实验中明显优于安进的HLE-BiTE双抗TCE平台（图8C）。图8. CD3/4-1BB/DLL3三抗（A）结构示意图（B）体外活性（C）体内活性从亲和力角度来看，RG6524中的DLL3亲和力达5.49pM，而Tarlatamab中的DLL3亲和力为640pM，两者相差达116倍。而RG6524中的CD3亲和力为1.52uM，Tarlatamab中的CD3亲和力为14.9nM，两者相差达102倍（表1），暗示RG6524相较于Tarlatamab可能提供更大的治疗窗。表1. RG6524亲和力分析除了上面提到的2款三抗以外，罗氏还有1款CD19/4-1BBL双抗（RG6076）目前在与CD3/CD20双抗（Glofitamab）联合用于复发难治型非霍奇金淋巴瘤临床试验（图9）。图9. RG6076联合Glofitamab作用机制 3、CD2/CD58 CD58又称淋巴细胞功能抗原3（lymphocyte-function antigen 3, LFA-3），是一种广泛分布于人体组织和细胞上的共刺激受体，其天然配体CD2主要表达于T/NK细胞表面。CD2与CD58相互作用通过提供必要的第二信号和辅助TCR介导的刺激进而促进T细胞活化（图10）。图10. CD2/CD58共刺激信号通路于2017年8月获FDA批准用于治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的CD19 CAR-T Kymriah是FDA批准的第一款细胞治疗产品，诺华也因此积累了相当的经验。诺华的研究人员在对Kymriah不响应或复发的患者癌细胞分析后发现CD58表达缺失与Kymriah不响应或复发高度相关，因此诺华开发了一款CD19/CD3/CD2三抗（PIT565）（图11A）目前在临床1期用于治疗B细胞血液瘤及SLE。11月1日，中国国家药监局药品审评中心（CDE）官网公示，诺华申报的1类新药PIT565临床试验申请获得受理。事实上，PIT565更应该被称为CD19/CD3/CD58三抗，因为根据其发表专利（US20230071196）显示诺华使用的是经过蛋白工程改造的CD58（aa30-123; 引入一对链内二硫键以增强稳定性）（图11B）与CD3/CD19抗体融合而成CD19/CD3/CD58三抗。图11. （A）PIT565结构示意图，（B）CD2/CD58蛋白结合域 10月31日，艾伯维与EvolveImmune Therapeutics宣布以总计6500万美元的前期费用和股权投资及高达14亿美元的期权费和里程金达成合作，双方将利用 EvolveImmune 专有的 EVOLVE TCE平台，针对多个靶点开发新型多特异性治疗型抗体。 EVOLVE TCE平台是一款CD3/CD2/TAA的三抗平台（图12），其研发管线包括EVOLVE-104（ULBP2/CD3/CD2三抗）、EVOLVE-105（CD20/CD3/CD2三抗）、EVOLVE-106（CD2/B7-H4/CD3三抗）等，预计将于2025年进行首次人体临床试验。图12. EVOLVE TCE平台示意图据EvolveImmune首席执行官Stephen Bloch博士称，“我们相信具有差异化的CD2共刺激策略的EVOLVE平台代表了潜在的下一代Best-in-Class TCE平台。” 由此推测，不同于诺华的策略，EVOLVE平台很有可能是通过CD2激动型抗体来促进CD2共刺激信号的产生。由于专利尚未公开，我们无法得知其CD2激动型抗体与CD58相比在亲和力及信号激活方面的差异。 11 月 8 日，Autolus Therapeutics 宣布，其新一代 CAR-T 疗法 Aucatzyl （ Obecabtagene autoleucel，obe cel）已获得美国 FDA 批准上市，用于治疗复发/难治型成人 B 细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患者。 Aucatzyl是一种靶向 CD19 的 CAR-T 细胞疗法，采用具有fast off-rate的CD19 scFv（用以降低毒性）及4-1BB/CD3-ζ胞内信号结构域（图13A）。连同之前FDA批准的6款CAR-T（图13B），我们已经在CD28及4-1BB共刺激信号积累了丰富的研究数据。图13. FDA批准的6款CAR-T比较临床前研究显示尽管CD28和4-1BB拥有相同的下游信号通路，但是CD28活化引起的下游信号蛋白磷酸化水平显著高于4-1BB，也因此产生更高水平的效应分子，因而CD28 CAR-T具有更强的细胞效应功能。但是同时CD28 CAR-T也表达更高水平的耗竭标志物，这可以解释其为何存留时间更短。在临床上，CD28/CD3 CAR-T在输注后的7天开始剧烈增殖，但很少能够持续存留60天以上。4-1BB/CD3 CAR-T在输注后7-14天达到峰值，之后可以持续存留数月。4-1BB/CD3 CARs有更大的线粒体质量，细胞更多表现为记忆表型，在慢性抗原刺激下可以长时间保留效应功能。下一代TCE无论是治疗血液瘤、实体瘤还是自免疾病都需要避免T细胞耗竭而达到长期有效性，因此4-1BB相较于CD28也许是一个更好的共刺激信号。至于CD2/CD58是不是一个更好的共刺激信号，目前还缺乏临床数据，让我们拭目以待。往期链接 “小小疫苗”养成记 | 医药公司管线盘点人人学懂免疫学 | 人人学懂免疫学（语音版）综述文章解读 | 文献略读 | 医学科普 | 医药前沿笔记 PROTAC技术 | 抗体药物 | 抗体药物偶联-ADC 核酸疫苗 | CAR技术 | 化学生物学温馨提示医药速览公众号目前已经有近12个交流群（好学，有趣且奔波于医药圈人才聚集于此）。进群加作者微信（yiyaoxueshu666）或者扫描公众号二维码添加作者，备注“姓名/昵称-企业/高校-具体研究领域/专业”，此群仅为科研交流群，非诚勿扰。简单操作即可星标⭐️医药速览，第一时间收到我们的推送 ①点击标题下方“医药速览” ②至右上角“...” ③点击“设为星标

细胞疗法免疫疗法引进/卖出

2024-10-26

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一文解析MAPK 通路

MAPK（丝裂原活化蛋白激酶）通路是细胞内一种重要的信号传导途径，广泛参与调控细胞生长、分化、死亡、应激反应等多种生物学过程。MAPK通路对于细胞应对外界环境变化具有核心作用，涉及到多种疾病的发生发展，包括癌症、炎症性疾病等。一、MAPK通路的组成 MAPK通路主要由三类蛋白激酶组成，它们按照特定的顺序激活： 1.MAPKKK（MAPK激酶激酶）：最上游的激酶，响应信号分子的刺激。 2.MAPKK（MAPK激酶）：由MAPKKK激活，进一步放大信号。 3.MAPK：最终的执行者，被MAPKK激活后，转移到细胞核内，通过磷酸化特定的基因调控蛋白，影响基因表达。图：MAPK通路的基本组成（来自Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer.）二、MAPK通路的主要分支 MAPK通路可以分为几个主要分支，每个分支由不同的MAPK蛋白构成，主要包括：ERK通路，JNK通路和p38 MAPK通路。 1. ERK通路（Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases） ERK通路，也称为经典的MAPK通路，主要响应生长因子和一些其他刺激。它通常与细胞增殖和分化过程相关联。主要组成： ●上游激酶：包括Ras小GTPase，它激活RAF激酶（如BRAF）。 ●中间级激酶：RAF激活MEK1和MEK2（MAPK/ERK激酶）。 ●下游激酶：MEK激酶进一步激活ERK1和ERK2。生物学功能： ●细胞增殖：ERK通路的激活促进细胞周期蛋白的表达，推动细胞周期进程。 ●细胞分化：在某些细胞类型中，ERK激活是细胞分化必需的。 ●生存信号：ERK可以激活抗凋亡蛋白，如Bcl-2，帮助细胞逃避程序性细胞死亡。 MAPK/Erk 信号级联放大通过生长和分化中涉及的各种不同受体进行激活，包括受体酪氨酸激酶 (RTKs)、整合素以及离子通道。由不同的刺激物激活的级联反应的特定组分差异较大，但通路的结构通常包含一组对接蛋白（Shc、GRB2、Crk 等），它们将受体连接到一个鸟苷酸交换因子上（SOS、C3G 等），信号则转导至小分子 GTP 结合蛋白 (Ras，Rap1)，后者再激活级联中的核心单位，包括一个 MAPKKK (Raf)、一个 MAPKK (MEK1/2) 和 MAPK (Erk)。激活的 Erk 二聚物可在胞质中调控靶蛋白，也可转运入胞核，在核内磷酸化多种调控基因表达的转录因子。图：生长和分化中的 MAPK/Erk（来自Cell signaling） 2. JNK通路（c-Jun N-terminal Kinases） JNK通路，也称为应激激活蛋白激酶通路，主要响应应激信号，如紫外线照射、热休克和炎症因子。主要组成： ●上游激酶：包括MKK4和MKK7。 ●下游激酶：它们激活JNK1、JNK2和JNK3。生物学功能： ●细胞应激反应：JNK通路在细胞对环境应激做出反应中发挥关键作用。 ●调节细胞死亡：JNK的活化通常与细胞凋亡相关，尤其是在病理条件下。 ●炎症反应：JNK能够调节多种炎症细胞因子的表达。应激活化蛋白激酶 (SAPK)/Jun 氨基末端激酶 (JNK) 是 MAPK 家族的成员，可由各种不同环境应激、炎症细胞因子、生长因子以及 GPCR 激动剂激活。应激反应信号经 Rho 家族（Rac、Rho、cdc42）的小分子 GTP 酶传递到这个级联。和其他 MAPK 一样，膜近端激酶是一个 MAPKKK（通常为 MEKK1–4），或是混合性谱系激酶（MLK）中一员，能磷酸化并激活 MKK4 (SEK) 或 MKK7（即 SAPK/JNK 激酶）。此外， MKK4/7 能由生发中心激酶 (GCK) 家族成员以独立于 GTP 酶的方式激活。SAPK/JNK 转运入胞核后可调节多种转录因子的活性。图：SAPK/JNK信号级联放大（来自Cell signaling） 3. p38 MAPK通路 p38 MAPK通路同样响应应激信号，包括细胞因子和环境应激，常与细胞生存和炎症反应相关。主要组成： ●上游激酶：包括MKK3、MKK4和MKK6。 ●下游激酶：p38 MAPK有四个不同的同源体：p38α、p38β、p38γ和p38δ。生物学功能： ●炎症反应：p38 MAPK是许多炎症介质表达的调节者，对免疫细胞的活化起重要作用。 ●细胞周期调控：p38在某些情况下可以抑制细胞周期的进程，从而影响细胞增殖。 ●细胞分化：特别是在骨骼肌细胞和神经细胞的分化中，p38 MAPK的激活对某些分化途径至关重要。 p38 MAPK（α、β、γ 和 δ）是 MAPK 家族的成员，各种环境应激和炎症细胞因子均可将其激活。对于其他 MAPK 级联，膜近端组分是一个 MAPKKK，其为典型的 MEKK 或混合性谱系激酶 (MLK)。MAPKKK 磷酸化并激活 MKK3/6，后者即是 p38 MAPK 激酶。MKK3/6 也可在凋亡因素的刺激下直接由 ASK1 激活。p38 MAPK 参与调节 HSP27、MAPKAPK-2 (MK2)、MAPKAPK-3 (MK3) 和其他几种转录因子，包括 ATF-2、Stat1、Max/Myc 复合体、MEF-2 和 Elk-1，而 CREB 通过激活 MSK1 间接调控。图：p38 MAPK信号转导相互作用通路（来自Cell signaling）三、MAPK通路的激活机制 MAPK通路通常是通过细胞表面的受体如受体酪氨酸激酶（RTKs）或G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs）接收信号，触发一系列下游事件： 1.受体激活：受到外界信号分子（如生长因子）的结合后，受体自身活化或聚合，激活与其相连的适配蛋白。 2.Ras蛋白的激活：在ERK通路中，适配蛋白进一步激活小G蛋白Ras。 3.MAPKKK的激活：Ras激活RAF家族蛋白（MAPKKK的一种），后者激活MEK（MAPKK）。 4.MAPK的激活：MEK进一步激活ERK，ERK磷酸化核内的靶蛋白，如转录因子，从而改变基因表达。四、MAPK通路的生理与病理意义 MAPK通路在维持正常细胞功能和发展中起着关键作用，但当这些通路异常激活或抑制时，可能导致多种疾病的发生： ●癌症 MAPK通路的持续激活常见于多种肿瘤，促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和存活。 MAPK信号通路与细胞增殖和分化密切相关。在许多恶性肿瘤中发现MAPK信号的持续激活。细胞增殖在很大程度上有助于肿瘤发生。肿瘤转移和侵袭是致命原因。在哺乳动物MAPK通路中，ERK通路是研究最充分的，在大约三分之一的人类癌症中失调。 ERK1/2通路在肿瘤细胞的增殖、分化、转移和侵袭中起重要作用。温等人发现乙型肝炎病毒x蛋白通过p38/MAPK通路使p53基因失活，从而诱导原发性肝癌（PLC）。Kim MS等人证明，p38 MAPK是Ras诱导的乳腺癌细胞侵袭和转移的关键信号分子。许多研究表明，p38 MAPK通路在细胞外刺激产生的MMP（基质金属蛋白酶）中发挥重要的调节功能。MMP是一种与肿瘤侵袭和迁移密切相关的蛋白水解酶。此外，p38 MAPK通路促进维持肿瘤细胞生长所必需的肿瘤血管生成。癌症经常暴露于各种压力条件下，例如缺氧和炎症。许多MAPK通路都参与应激信号传导。因此，一些激酶在癌症中被应激激活，以响应炎症、DNA 损伤和细胞凋亡。缺氧状态在实体瘤中广泛存在。缺氧信号刺激MKP-1的激活。MKP-1 进一步激活 SAPK/JNK，从而激活 c-Jun。活性 c-Jun 促进多个下游基因转录，这对癌细胞的增殖和存活很重要。 MAPK信号转导的畸变会影响大多数致癌过程，对癌症的发展和进展至关重要。大多数癌症相关病变，如受体酪氨酸激酶的过表达、受体酪氨酸激酶的激活突变、激活配体的持续自分泌或旁分泌产生、Ras 突变和 B-Raf 突变导致 ERK 信号转导的组成型激活。据报道，c-Jun 的 JNK 活性和磷酸化在 Ras 诱导的肿瘤发生中起关键作用。 ●炎症性疾病在炎症性疾病中，MAPK通路通过影响细胞因子、生长因子和应激反应等因素的表达和活性，起到了至关重要的调控作用。 MAPK通路参与调控包括肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素（如IL-1, IL-6）等多种炎症性细胞因子的产生。这些细胞因子是炎症反应中的关键介质，能够激活更多的免疫细胞和促进炎症反应的发展。MAPK通路通过调节各种趋化因子和黏附分子的表达，影响免疫细胞（如巨噬细胞、T细胞）的活化、迁移和入侵到炎症部位。在炎症和其他应激条件下，JNK和p38 MAPK的激活促进细胞应对损伤和恢复平衡。由于MAPK通路在炎症反应中的核心角色，研究者开发了多种针对该路径的抑制剂，以治疗如类风湿性关节炎、银屑病等炎症性疾病。例如，p38 MAPK抑制剂已被证明可以减轻炎症反应，通过减少炎症性细胞因子的产生。 ●神经退行性疾病在神经退行性疾病的研究中，MAPK通路显示出其在神经保护和神经损伤中的双重作用，这些疾病包括阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森病（PD）、亨廷顿病（HD）和肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）等。 AD中，异常的tau蛋白磷酸化与MAPK通路的过度活化有关。特别是JNK和p38 MAPK在tau磷酸化和神经纤维缠结的形成中起着重要作用。PD中，JNK和p38 MAPK的活化与多巴胺神经元的死亡相关。MAPK通路参与了氧化应激和炎症反应的调控，这些都是PD的关键病理过程。在HD中，JNK的激活与疾病相关的神经毒性密切相关。JNK抑制剂显示出在预防神经退行方面的潜力。五、MAPK通路的治疗应用由于MAPK通路在多种疾病中的核心作用，该通路的组分成为了药物开发的重要靶点。目前已有多种针对MAPK通路的抑制剂被开发用于治疗特定类型的癌症（如BRAF抑制剂在黑色素瘤中的应用）和其他疾病。此外，针对JNK和p38 MAPK的抑制剂也在被研究中，以期治疗炎症和神经退行性疾病。六、总结 MAPK通路是一条复杂的信号传导途径，涉及到多种生理和病理过程。对其深入研究不仅有助于我们理解细胞如何响应外界信号并调控各种细胞功能，还可以为疾病的预防和治疗提供新的策略。随着研究的深入，未来可能会发现更多的关于这一信号通路的调控机制和治疗潜力。声明：发表/转载本文仅仅是出于传播信息的需要，并不意味着代表本公众号观点或证实其内容的真实性。据此内容作出的任何判断，后果自负。若有侵权，告知必删！长按关注本公众号粉丝群/投稿/授权/广告等请联系公众号助手觉得本文好看，请点这里↓